Mocking is an essential part of unit testing, and the Mockito library makes it easy to write clean and intuitive unit tests for your Java code.
Get started with mocking and improve your application tests using our Mockito guide:
Handling concurrency in an application can be a tricky process with many potential pitfalls. A solid grasp of the fundamentals will go a long way to help minimize these issues.
Get started with understanding multi-threaded applications with our Java Concurrency guide:
Spring 5 added support for reactive programming with the Spring WebFlux module, which has been improved upon ever since. Get started with the Reactor project basics and reactive programming in Spring Boot:
Since its introduction in Java 8, the Stream API has become a staple of Java development. The basic operations like iterating, filtering, mapping sequences of elements are deceptively simple to use.
But these can also be overused and fall into some common pitfalls.
To get a better understanding on how Streams work and how to combine them with other language features, check out our guide to Java Streams:
Explore Spring Boot 3 and Spring 6 in-depth through building a full REST API with the framework:
Yes, Spring Security can be complex, from the more advanced functionality within the Core to the deep OAuth support in the framework.
I built the security material as two full courses - Core and OAuth, to get practical with these more complex scenarios. We explore when and how to use each feature and code through it on the backing project.
You can explore the course here:
Spring Data JPA is a great way to handle the complexity of JPA with the powerful simplicity of Spring Boot.
Get started with Spring Data JPA through the guided reference course:
Refactor Java code safely — and automatically — with OpenRewrite.
Refactoring big codebases by hand is slow, risky, and easy to put off. That’s where OpenRewrite comes in. The open-source framework for large-scale, automated code transformations helps teams modernize safely and consistently.
Each month, the creators and maintainers of OpenRewrite at Moderne run live, hands-on training sessions — one for newcomers and one for experienced users. You’ll see how recipes work, how to apply them across projects, and how to modernize code with confidence.
Join the next session, bring your questions, and learn how to automate the kind of work that usually eats your sprint time.
Distributed systems often come with complex challenges such as service-to-service communication, state management, asynchronous messaging, security, and more.
Dapr (Distributed Application Runtime) provides a set of APIs and building blocks to address these challenges, abstracting away infrastructure so we can focus on business logic.
In this tutorial, we'll focus on Dapr's pub/sub API for message brokering. Using its Spring Boot integration, we'll simplify the creation of a loosely coupled, portable, and easily testable pub/sub messaging system:
Distributed systems often come with complex challenges such as service-to-service communication, state management, asynchronous messaging, security, and more.
Dapr (Distributed Application Runtime) provides a set of APIs and building blocks to address these challenges, abstracting away infrastructure so we can focus on business logic.
In this tutorial, we'll focus on Dapr's pub/sub API for message brokering. Using its Spring Boot integration, we'll simplify the creation of a loosely coupled, portable, and easily testable pub/sub messaging system:
1. Overview
In this article, we will demonstrate several aspects of generating code coverage reports using Cobertura.
Simply put, Cobertura is a reporting tool that calculates test coverage for a codebase – the percentage of branches/lines accessed by unit tests in a Java project.
2. Maven Plugin
2.1. Maven Configuration
In order to start calculating code coverage in your Java project, you need to declare the Cobertura Maven plugin in your pom.xml file under the reporting section:
<reporting>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>cobertura-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.7</version>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</reporting>You can always check the latest version of the plugin in the Maven central repository.
Once done, go ahead and run Maven specifying cobertura:cobertura as a goal.
This will create a detailed HTML style report showing code coverage statistics gathered via code instrumentation:
The line coverage metric shows how many statements are executed in the Unit Tests run, while the branch coverage metric focuses on how many branches are covered by those tests.
For each conditional, you have two branches, so basically, you’ll end up having twice as many branches as conditionals.
The complexity factor reflects the complexity of the code — it goes up when the number of branches in code increases.
In theory, the more branches you have, the more tests you need to implement in order to increase the branch coverage score.
2.2. Configuring Code Coverage Calculation and Checks
You can ignore/exclude a specific set of classes from code instrumentation using the ignore and the exclude tags:
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>cobertura-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.7</version>
<configuration>
<instrumentation>
<ignores>
<ignore>com/baeldung/algorithms/dijkstra/*</ignore>
</ignores>
<excludes>
<exclude>com/baeldung/algorithms/dijkstra/*</exclude>
</excludes>
</instrumentation>
</configuration>
</plugin>After calculating the code coverage comes the check phase. The check phase ensures that a certain level of code coverage is reached.
Here’s a basic example on how to configure the check phase:
<configuration>
<check>
<haltOnFailure>true</haltOnFailure>
<branchRate>75</branchRate>
<lineRate>85</lineRate>
<totalBranchRate>75</totalBranchRate>
<totalLineRate>85</totalLineRate>
<packageLineRate>75</packageLineRate>
<packageBranchRate>85</packageBranchRate>
<regexes>
<regex>
<pattern>com.baeldung.algorithms.dijkstra.*</pattern>
<branchRate>60</branchRate>
<lineRate>50</lineRate>
</regex>
</regexes>
</check>
</configuration>When using the haltOnFailure flag, Cobertura will cause the build to fail if one of the specified checks fail.
The branchRate/lineRate tags specify the minimum acceptable branch/line coverage score required after code instrumentation. These checks can be expanded to the package level using the packageLineRate/packageBranchRate tags.
It is also possible to declare specific rule checks for classes with names following a specific pattern by using the regex tag. In the example above, we ensure that a specific line/branch coverage score must be reached for classes in the com.baeldung.algorithms.dijkstra package and below.
3. Eclipse Plugin
3.1. Installation
Cobertura is also available as an Eclipse plugin called eCobertura. In order to install eCobertura for Eclipse, you need to follow the steps below and have Eclipse version 3.5 or greater installed:
Step 1: From the Eclipse menu, select Help → Install New Software. Then, at the work with the field, enter http://ecobertura.johoop.de/update/:
Step 2: Select eCobertura Code Coverage, click “next”, and then follow the steps in the installation wizard.
Now that eCobertura is installed, restart Eclipse and show the coverage session view under Windows → Show View → Other → Cobertura.
3.2. Using Eclipse Kepler or Later
For the newer version of Eclipse (Kepler, Luna, etc.), the installation of eCobertura may cause some problems related to JUnit — the newer version of JUnit packaged with Eclipse is not fully compatible with eCobertura‘s dependencies checker:
Cannot complete the install because one or more required items could not be found.
Software being installed: eCobertura 0.9.8.201007202152 (ecobertura.feature.group
0.9.8.201007202152)
Missing requirement: eCobertura UI 0.9.8.201007202152 (ecobertura.ui
0.9.8.201007202152) requires 'bundle org.junit4 0.0.0' but it could not be found
Cannot satisfy dependency:
From: eCobertura 0.9.8.201007202152
(ecobertura.feature.group 0.9.8.201007202152)
To: ecobertura.ui [0.9.8.201007202152]As a workaround, you can download an older version JUnit and place it into the Eclipse plugins folder.
This can be done by deleting the folder org.junit.*** from %ECLIPSE_HOME%/plugins, and then copying the same folder from an older Eclipse installation that is compatible with eCobertura.
Once done, restart your Eclipse IDE and re-install the plugin using the corresponding update site.
3.3. Code Coverage Reports in Eclipse
In order to calculate code coverage by a Unit Test, right-click your project/test to open the context menu, then choose the option Cover As → JUnit Test.
Under the Coverage Session view, you can check the line/branch coverage report per class:
Java 8 users may encounter a common error when calculating code coverage:
java.lang.VerifyError: Expecting a stackmap frame at branch target ...In this case, Java is complaining about some methods not having a proper stack map, due to the stricter bytecode verifier introduced in newer versions of Java.
This issue can be solved by disabling verification in the Java Virtual Machine.
To do so, right-click your project to open the context menu, select Cover As, and then open the Coverage Configurations view. In the arguments tab, add the -noverify flag as a VM argument. Finally, click on the coverage button to launch coverage calculation.
You can also use the flag -XX:-UseSplitVerifier, but this only works with Java 6 and 7, as the split verifier is no longer supported in Java 8.
4. Conclusion
In this article, we have shown briefly how to use Cobertura to calculate code coverage in a Java project. We have also described the steps required to install eCobertura in your Eclipse environment.
Cobertura is a great yet simple code coverage tool, but not actively maintained, as it is currently outclassed by newer and more powerful tools like JaCoCo.
